This dissertation examines three processes of Othering that appeared in Spain and Catalonia over approximately one hundred years, throwing light on the relationships between nation, race, and ethnicity, as well as between ideology, language, and representation. Specifically, this manuscript analyzes how Spanish and Catalan intellectuals envision their national identities and their perceptions of the Other in their works. The corpus consists of representative written and audiovisual texts of three periods—the first decades of the twentieth century, the 1960s modernization process, and the recent past. As such, in Chapter Two, the Meditaciones del Quijote (1914) by Ortega i Gasset and La nacionalitat catalana (1906) by Enric Prat de la Riba, respectively, defined the Spanish and Catalan national ideal on the grounds of hybridity to counteract European discourses of racial purity; and El negro que tenía el alma blanca (1922) by Alberto Insúa and Llibertat! (1901) by Santiago Rusiñol, together with Notas marruecas de un soldado (1923) by Ernesto Giménez Caballero and Quatre gotes de sang: Dietari d’un català al Marroc (1936), showcase the existence of hegemonic perceptions of racial difference in the early twentieth century. Then, Chapter Three analyzes the film La piel quemada (1967) by Josep Maria Forn and the novel Últimas tardes con Teresa (1966) by Juan Marsé to elucidate the interplay between the authors’ situation within society and their uses of language. Both artists formulated narratives that incorporated Southern Spanish migrants into the national ideal, but they did so from opposing points of view corresponding with their positions within Catalan national culture. Finally, Chapter Four interprets another novel, Hija del camino (2019) by Lucía Asué Mbomío Rubio, and another film, Lo nunca visto (2019) by Marina Seresesky, to assess their representations of blackness. The analyses showcase the novel as an empowering and inclusive depiction of racial difference and the film as a replication of stereotypes that reinforce the status quo of the nation-state. Based on these portrayals of Otherness, this project foregrounds prominent discourses of Otherness in each national context and the influence of language and representation on ideology.